Which process leads to the formation of igneous rocks?

The formation of igneous rocks primarily occurs through the cooling and solidification of magma or lava. When magma beneath the Earth's surface cools, it crystallizes to form intrusive igneous rocks, while lava that erupts onto the surface cools quickly, forming extrusive igneous rocks. The temperature of the cooling process significantly influences the texture and mineral composition of the resulting rock. This process is fundamental to the rock cycle and distinguishes igneous rocks from other types, such as sedimentary or metamorphic rocks, which are formed through entirely different geological processes.