What type of government is described as an oligarchy?

An oligarchy is characterized by a small group of individuals or a few entities holding significant power and control over a country or organization. This definition aligns precisely with the correct answer. In an oligarchic system, this small group might be comprised of elites from various sectors, such as business leaders, military officials, or influential families, and they wield power without being democratically elected by the broader populace.

The other options reflect different forms of governance that do not fit the definition of oligarchy. A government ruled by a single dictator indicates a dictatorship, while control by religious authorities describes a theocracy. Conversely, a form of government by hereditary elites leans more toward aristocracy, where power is held by those from noble or aristocratic backgrounds rather than a broader elite group. Therefore, the description of an oligarchy as a system where a small group holds sway is what makes it the correct choice in this context.