What distinguishes Sumer as a historical civilization?

The distinguishing factor of Sumer as a historical civilization is its establishment of the first written history. The Sumerians developed cuneiform, one of the earliest systems of writing, around 3200 BCE. This significant achievement allowed them to record transactions, laws, and stories, effectively creating a documented history that could be passed down through generations. This innovation was foundational not only for Sumer but also for human civilization as it laid the groundwork for record-keeping, administration, and the transmission of knowledge.

While concepts like democracy and citizenship, monotheistic religions, and advanced warfare techniques were also significant in different societies and eras, they do not uniquely define Sumer. The advent of written history during the Sumerian era is what primarily sets it apart in the historical narrative, marking a crucial turning point in the development of human societies.