How do scientists know that new organisms exist?

The identification of new organisms primarily occurs through direct observation. Scientists can discover new species through field studies, laboratory research, or exploration of previously uncharted environments, such as deep-sea ecosystems or remote habitats. This approach allows researchers to document and characterize organisms in real-time, which is essential for understanding biodiversity.

While an increase in population can indicate the presence of a species, it does not inherently confirm the existence of new organisms. Additionally, historical texts and fossil records provide valuable insights into previously known species or past life forms, but they do not help in identifying contemporary new organisms. Thus, the most reliable method for discovering new organisms is direct observation, as it involves firsthand evidence and documentation of species that have not been previously classified or recognized.